Study Guide Hitler Essay Example for Free

Study Guide Hitler Essay -Half Austrian and half German. Serves with distinction, wounded returns to Bavaria after war (served in a Bavarian regiment). -German nationalist+supporter of authoritarianism+ opposed to democracy and socialism + racially motivated (anti-Semitism v German Volk) -Pseudo spy for Bavarian govt and runs into the DAP (German Workers Party). Likes their anti-capitalist, anti-Semitic and nationalist message. Anton Drexler is founder/head; Hitler has energy, oratory and propaganda skills. -1920 – 25 Points authored by Hitler/Drexler. DAPNSDAP. Hirtler in charge of propaganda: salute, uniforms,swastika. Also creates armed squads. -Drexler alarmed – power play but loses as Hitler offers to resign and instead becomes chairman and Fuehrer. -1921-23 party reorganization. A) Armed squads reorganized into SA headed by Ernst Roehm: intimidation and violence. B) 1921 Newspaper – People’s Observer  C) Julius Streicher gives Hitler support (rival right wing group in Bavaria) D) Hermann Goering joins party in 1922. Aristocracy/high society makes party â€Å"more respectable† 1923 – 20,000 members – powerful mainly in one part of Bavaria. 1923 – Beer Hall Putsch: successful example of Mussolini and weaknesses of Weimar: a) hostility of elites (top army brass, aristocracy, industry); b) limited popular support, and economic problems. c) Nostalgia for Kaiser and Imperial Germany, not used to democracy d) Economic problems: costs of WWI and debts, reparations, new welfare benefits provided by State (health insurance, housing), hyperinflation because of Ruhr crisis. e) Association with defeat in war – Treaty of Versailles, November criminals and stab in the back myth. Hitler plots â€Å"March on Berlin† with Gustav von Kahr (ultra-conservative leader of Bavarian govt) and General von Lossow (local head of army). However, poor planning, not enough public support, too much reliance on General Ludendorff, Kahr and Lossow back out at last minute. Nov 8, Hitler announces a â€Å"national revolution† and next day marches into Muncih with 2000 SA. Easily crushed by police and 14 Nazis killed, Hitler arrested for treason. Consequences: Nazi party banned. Hitler gets onto national stage and attracts attention of other right wingers; B) Muellers Grand Coalition (SDP, Center and Stresemann’s party). C) United Opposition: formed by media magnate Hugenberg – has DNVP, Pan-german league, Nazis, leading industrialists. Draft a â€Å"Law against the Enslavement of German People†. Referendum in 1929, but lose. D) Oct. 1929 Wall Street Crash and Great Depression – 32% unemployment (6 million) – industrial workers lose jobs for extended time, middle class and small businesses affected. 42% fall in GNP. World trade collapses (protectionism and tariffs). Peasants hit by collapse of agr prices; industrial workers are unemployed. 50,000 businesses collapse and banks fail. Loss of confidence and despair. Nazi  organization: use of modern propaganda techniques (Goebbels); exploitation of scapegoats; strong party structure and organization After 1930 –Presidential Government – and rule by Emergency Decree (art 48): every govt rules by emergency decree. Bruning (1930-32) Center Party; von Papen (May-Dec 1932) also Center but more right wing; General Kurt von Schleicher (Dec 1932-Jan 1933) no party affil. E) Muellers coalition collapses March 1930. Meissner, Gen. von Schleicher and Hindenburg are all conservative nationalists and get Bruning in. When Reichstag rejects his austerity budget, he invokes Art. 48. Calls for elections F) Reichstag elections 1930 on yield no mandates: 1930 Election – Nazis get 18.3% (2nd after Socialists)†¦800,000 to 6.4 m votes. Nationalists lose half votes to Nazis, middle class democratic parties lose the most and extremes gain, socialists lose ground to KPD. G) Bruning continues as Chancellor – Presidential Govt. May 1932 dismissed. A monarchist, against democracy, anti- Socialist. Failed economic policy of balancing the budget, over-relied on Hindenburg and Art 48. Successes include Allies evacuate Rhineland; Hoover memo suspends debts and reparations; abolished by Lausanne Conference. H) 1932 Reichstag election – brutal street violence; Bavarian left-center govt removed by Papen. Nazis win 37.3% and are largest party; center parties collapse and only KPD gains (14.3%). Dec 1932, von Papen humiliated after no-confidence vote; fails to dissolve Reichstag. Schleicher now has doubts. Hitler, Hindenburg and Papen try to resolve impasse – Hitler wants Chancellorship and rebuffed. Nov 1932 new elections called and Nazis only get 33.1%. Schleicher insists von Papen be replaced; 2 month rule by Gen. von Schleicher. Wants to have left/trade unions join and to split Strassers from Hitler. Fails because trade unions doubt him, landowners and businessmen have no trust. Hindenburg agrees to a Nazi-Nationalist coalition = Hitler appointed Chancellor. Papen, Hindenburg’s son oskar, landowners, industrialists and army support him. Why did Nazis succeed? 13 m voters; appeal to middle class and Protestants; high in north and east; peasants and farmers, Mittelstand (shopkeepers) and white collar workers; appeal to youth, â€Å"politics of anxiety†, becomes genuine people’s party by 1932 Political methods: propaganda, canvassing (posters and leaflets), technology, mass suggestion, scapegoats and unifying theme, violence. The Legal Revolution: 2/12 Nazis in Cabinet; no majority in Reichstag although  the NSDAP is largest party; President can dismiss Chancellors at will. Plus side: has largest party; conservatives must choose between him and possibly Communists or civil war; he can use resources of the state. Calls for new Reichstag elections for March 1933 within 24 hours. Violence, intimidation, 69 people die Hitler’s â€Å"A ppeal to the German people† blames everything on communists and democrats, idea of a â€Å"national uprising† Promised 3 million reichsmarks from key industrialists. Feb 27 – Reichstag Fire – a communist accused therefore play up fears of a communist led coup. Next day, Hindenburg signs â€Å"Decree for the Protection of the People and the State† – most civil and political liberties suspended (hundreds are arrested). Election results 5 March: Nazis win 44% but needs 52 seats won by nationalists. Changes in laws need 2/3 majority to pass. March 1933 – the Enabling Act – to give him and cabinet full powers for 4 years – a â€Å"legal dictatorship†. At vote, communists denied entry – Hitler promises to respect rights of catholics and gets ZP support; only SPD vote against and bill passes. Policy of Gleichschaltung: Nazification, a merging with German society during 1933-34. Revolution from below (the SA) and Revolution from above (leadership). Main focus on Federal States, political parties and indpt trade unions. A.Federal States: violence and intimidation threaten to spin things out of control. 31 March 1933 law to dissolve regional parliaments, reformed with acceptable majorities and to be controlled by Nazis. 7 April – Governors posts created usually run by Gauleiters (regional party leaders). Jan 1934, regional parliaments are abolished. No more federalism. B.Trade unions: connects to socialism and Catholicism. May Day declared national holiday, SA/SS occupy offices, seize funds and leaders are sent off to camps. DAF (German Labor Front) set up and run by Robert Ley with 22 m. members. C.Political parties : need for a one-party state. Communists outlawed after Fire; Social Dems assets seized in June and they are banned; in late June most parties agree to self dissolve; July Catholic Center Party disbands. Chancellor to Fuehrer: 6 months in – Hitler is stronger position. Calls for end of revolution 6 July 1933. Needs to stop free-for-all and violence. SA and Roehm call for a â€Å"Second Revolution† – SA more made up of unemployed youth.Had made the street revolution earlier but hadn’t benefitted. Roehm calls for National Socialist Revolution – SA has 3 m men in 1934, much larger than army. But army could do a coup, and has the  military expertise to fulfiull foreign policy of Hitler. June 29-30, 1934 – Night of the Long Knives Hitler before comes to agreement with Generals Fritsch and Blomberg. 200 murdered by SS, old scores settled (Schleicher and Strasser) Results: SA leaderless and powerless now. Army behind Hitler. Emergence of the SS. Hitler has firmed up own position August 2 – Hindenburg dies: Hitler merges two offices and takes title of Fuehrer. RULE OF HITLER Great Depression: Conditions in 1933 1)Collapse of trade and especially exports 2) Although an industrial powerhouse, many firms go bust in GD 3)Mass long-term unemployment. 4)In agriculture, food prices fall and farmers get poorer 5)In finance, collapse of banking sector Economic Policies Given the huge problems – 3 choices A.Anti-capitalist, socialist program embodied in 25 Points (profit-sharing, social security, nationalization) B.Deficit financing (Keynesian economics) C.Defense economy Concept of Autarky = self-sufficiency Focus on: Public works projects, Jobs for unemployed. 1) Schacht and the New Plan President of Reichsbank and later Minister of Economy held a leading role in 1923 crisis and creation of new currency under Stresemann. Note: the economic low was reached in end 1932, early 1933 (but no one knew) Solutions: A.Banking- government moves to control capital and to set low rates B.Financial benefits given to groups such as farmers and small businesses also tariffs, subsidies, reduced debts, tax concessions, allowances, and grants C.Public works: reforestation, land reclamation, new roads, housing By 1936, emphasis shifts to rearmament D.Bilateral trade agreements with focus on barter E.New Reichsmark policy as only currency to be used F.Mefo Bills – like t-bills 2 Problems remain: Fear of inflation, Balance of trade deficit. 2) The 4 Year Plan (1936) â€Å"Guns or Butter?† Deficit financing has been hidden by financial tricks Schacht proposes reduction in arms spending Hitler sides with the army: Military+Economymust be ready in 4 years. Goering made Czar of the 4 year plan Goals: Autarky and rearmament, Nazi control of economy becomes much tighter. 3) War Time Economy Goering replaced by Speer in 1942 Germany is on a total war footing Social Policies Ideology: 4 main tenets A) Race : Aryanism, racial purity, Social Darwinism, anti-Semitism, euthanisa, eugenics B) Authoritarianism – the Fuehrer principle C) All Germans together : Lebensraum D) Volksgemeinschaft One Volk, harmony, no social class divisions or distinctions Social Groups Industrial workers (very left): Trade unions closed down DAF established: Beauty of Labor (beautify working conditions) Strength through Joy (vacations, sports, excursions, etc) But – shortage of workers and real wages stay low as war starts, more women work and Labor camps set up. Peasants and small farmers: Nazi sympathy for their plight. They are the Volk. Initiatives include: write-offs, cheap loans, land. But – after initial benefits, resentment and lower standard of living Landowners: initially suspicious of low-born Hitler and his socialists; then buy in and support Middle class: low rate loans and encouragement for their businesses Upper Class and Big Business: prefer Hitler and Fascists to communism Education and Youth Centralized: Indoctrinate, brainwash: no more individual choice One curriculum and one textbook Teachers trained the right way: Nazi Teachers League Understand what it means to be German Pride and nationalism Obedience and loyalty Emphasis on physical fitness and education Hitler Youth compulsory in 1939 League of German Maidens: Teamwork and group work is a big feature But – teacher shortages, anti-academic curriculum focus Religion: Most Germans are Christian: 2/3 Protestant. Church is a powerful institution. A) Conciliation; policy of coordination Concordat July 1933: Features non-interference. B) Aggressivenes 1935-45: Nazis become more anti-Christian. German Faith Movement: Never gathers strength.Teutonic paganism – a made-up religion. Anti-religious measures: Close churches, arrests, taking away funds, closing youth groups. → Pope speaks out against Nazis in 1937 Women and Family Population growth falling, female employment expands, too many unmarried women. Nazis oppose emancipation and feminism. Goals: Kinder, Kuche, Kirche More children Care for husbands and kids Stop employment of women Between 1933-36, married women debarred from work. Loans to young women to stop working and many need to get married. Some Nazi women’s organizations are used as covers. Economic necessity in 1937: Despite discrimination – need for more cheap labor Marriage loans, family allowances, taxes reduced, maternity benefits, anti-abortion laws, contraception restricted. Lebensborn Racial purity, SS brothels. Result: Births increase, divorces increase, marriages flat Culture Reich Chamber of Culture headed by Goebbels who is also Minister of Propaganda Burning of the books Modern music, jazz, etc are degenerate 2500 writers leave Germany Modern schools of art held in contempt Degenerate Art v Great German Art Outsiders a)Ideological opponents (Communists, religious, military leaders) b)Biologically inferior (sub-humans) sterilization – 350,000 euthanasia – 70,000 c) Asocials (Homosexuals) Political Gleichschaltung – Policy of Coordination All political parties banned July 1933 State parliaments abolished 1934 Civil Service purged Gestapo established SS headed by Himmler established 1925 – elite bodyguards first , then run all police actions (incl. camps) First camps established in 1933 for regime’s opponents: Labor Concentration Death camps after 1939 Emigration for Jews and others encouraged/preferred up to 1939 Steps against the Jews: Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), Poland, Final Solution decided on at Wannsee Conference.

Pop Star Image and Influence of Video :: Television Media TV Essays

Pop Star Image and Influence of Video The pop star image has been growing ever since the start of Michael Jackson’s career in the 70s. Michael has made a tremendous impact on the careers of many of the big named pop stars of today. Pop stars throughout the years have also had a huge effect on the media and how the media portrays them to the general public. Currently pop music has approximately 60% of the top fifty songs, according to billboard magazine. This is a trend that has been increasing since Jackson started. The pop star image has definitely affected the general public but mainly the youth of the world. People like Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, Janet Jackson, and many others that have preceded them have had a big impact on teenage boys and girls. Also pop stars play an important role in video images that appeal to everyone. I’m not saying that I like pop music or what they stand for, but I respect the fact that they influence media, videos, and people with the images that they convey. For example Britney Spears has fifty-nine websites that are dedicated to just HER. Can you believe that? Most of them are fan sites too. That is ridiculous. But you have to hand it to those pop stars; the way that they dance in their videos and the sexy clothing that where makes people want to be like them. The way that camera angles are set up in videos creates a very sensual atmosphere in a lot of videos. Also on the other hand a lot of pop stars grab public attention by singing about a controversial subject for example Christina Aguilera’s song â€Å"Beautiful† talks about the openness of homosexuality. It is not just pop stars however that sing about controversial topics other genres of music do the same thing, but the point I’m trying to make is that pop stars can influence their f ollowers through music videos and image that they have the right opinion on certain topics that affect everyone. The messages pop stars show in their videos and the image that present affect everyone in both positive and negative ways. For one thing many pop musicians have a strong influence on charitable organizations. You see them out there on celebrity Jeopardy playing for charity. Pop Star Image and Influence of Video :: Television Media TV Essays Pop Star Image and Influence of Video The pop star image has been growing ever since the start of Michael Jackson’s career in the 70s. Michael has made a tremendous impact on the careers of many of the big named pop stars of today. Pop stars throughout the years have also had a huge effect on the media and how the media portrays them to the general public. Currently pop music has approximately 60% of the top fifty songs, according to billboard magazine. This is a trend that has been increasing since Jackson started. The pop star image has definitely affected the general public but mainly the youth of the world. People like Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, Janet Jackson, and many others that have preceded them have had a big impact on teenage boys and girls. Also pop stars play an important role in video images that appeal to everyone. I’m not saying that I like pop music or what they stand for, but I respect the fact that they influence media, videos, and people with the images that they convey. For example Britney Spears has fifty-nine websites that are dedicated to just HER. Can you believe that? Most of them are fan sites too. That is ridiculous. But you have to hand it to those pop stars; the way that they dance in their videos and the sexy clothing that where makes people want to be like them. The way that camera angles are set up in videos creates a very sensual atmosphere in a lot of videos. Also on the other hand a lot of pop stars grab public attention by singing about a controversial subject for example Christina Aguilera’s song â€Å"Beautiful† talks about the openness of homosexuality. It is not just pop stars however that sing about controversial topics other genres of music do the same thing, but the point I’m trying to make is that pop stars can influence their f ollowers through music videos and image that they have the right opinion on certain topics that affect everyone. The messages pop stars show in their videos and the image that present affect everyone in both positive and negative ways. For one thing many pop musicians have a strong influence on charitable organizations. You see them out there on celebrity Jeopardy playing for charity.

Fool Chapter 19

NINETEEN SHALL A MADMAN RISE Gloucester was wandering around outside the castle, just beyond the drawbridge, coming dangerously close to tumbling into the moat. The storm was still raging and bloody rain streamed down the earl's face from his empty eye sockets. Drool caught the old man by the back of his cloak and lifted him like he was a kitten. Gloucester struggled and waved about in horror, as if he'd been snatched up by some great bird of prey instead of an enormous nitwit. â€Å"There, there,† said Drool, trying to calm the old man the way one might try to settle a frightened horse. â€Å"I gots you.† â€Å"Bring him away from the edge and set him down, Drool,† said I. â€Å"Lord Gloucester, this is Pocket, Lear's fool. We're going to take you to shelter and bandage your wounds. King Lear will be there, too. Just take Drool's hand.† â€Å"Get away,† said the earl. â€Å"Your comforts are in vain. I am lost. My sons are scoundrels, my estate is forfeit. Let me fall in the moat and drown.† Drool set the old man down and pointed him toward the moat. â€Å"Go on, then, milord.† â€Å"Grab him, Drool, you wooden-headed ninny!† â€Å"But he told me to let him drown, and he's an earl with a castle and the lot, and you're only a fool, Pocket, so I got to do what he says.† I strode forth, grabbed Gloucester and led him away from the edge. â€Å"He's not an earl anymore, lad. He has nothing but his cloak to protect him from the rain, like us.† â€Å"He's got nothing?† said Drool. â€Å"Can I teach him to juggle so he can be a fool?† â€Å"Let's get him to shelter and see that he doesn't bleed to death first, then you can give him fool lessons.† â€Å"We're going to make a fool of ye,† said Drool, clapping the old man on the back. â€Å"That'll be the dog's bollocks, won't it, milord?† â€Å"Drown me,† said Gloucester. â€Å"Being a fool is ever so much better than being an earl,† said Drool, far too cheery for a cold-dismal day of post-maiming. â€Å"You don't get a castle but you make people laugh and they give you apples and sometimes one of the wenches or the sheeps will have a laugh with you. It's the mutt's nuts,[42] it is.† I stopped and looked at my apprentice. â€Å"You've been having a laugh with sheep?† Drool rolled his eyes toward the slate sky. â€Å"No, I – we have pie sometimes, too, when Bubble makes it. You'll like Bubble. She's smashing.† Gloucester seemed to lose all his will then, and let me lead him through the walled town, taking weak, halting steps. As we passed a long, half-timbered building I took to be barracks I heard someone call my name. I looked to see Curan, Lear's captain, standing under an awning. He waved us over and we stood with our backs hard to the wall to try to escape the rain. â€Å"Is that the Earl of Gloucester?† asked Curan. â€Å"Aye,† said I. I told Curan what had transpired inside the castle and out on the heath since I'd last seen him. â€Å"God's blood, two wars. Cornwall dead. Who is master of our force, now?† â€Å"Mistress,† said I. â€Å"Stay with Regan. The plan is as before.† â€Å"No, it's not. We don't even know who her enemy is, Albany or France.† â€Å"Aye, but your action should be the same.† â€Å"I'd give a month's wages to be behind the blade that slays that bastard Edmund.† At the mention of his son, Gloucester started wailing again. â€Å"Drown me! I will suffer no more! Give me your sword that I may run upon it and end my shame and misery!† â€Å"Sorry,† I said to Curan. â€Å"He's been a bit of a weepy little Nancy to be around since they ripped his eyes out.† â€Å"Well, you might bandage him up. Bring him in. Hunter's still with us. He's right handy with a cauterizing iron.† â€Å"Let me end this suffering,† wailed Gloucester. â€Å"I can no longer endure the slings and arrows – â€Å" â€Å"My lord Gloucester, would you please, by the fire-charred balls of St. George, shut the fuck up!† â€Å"Bit harsh, innit?† said Curan. â€Å"What, I said ‘please.'† â€Å"Still.† â€Å"Sorry, Gloucester, old chap. Most excellent hat.† â€Å"He's not wearing a hat,† said Curan. â€Å"Well, he's blind, isn't he? If you hadn't said anything he might have enjoyed his bloody hat, mightn't he?† The earl started wailing again. â€Å"My sons are villains and I have no hat.† He made to go on, but Drool clamped his great paw over the old man's mouth. â€Å"Thanks, lad. Curan, do you have any food?† â€Å"Aye, Pocket, we can spare as much bread and cheese as you can carry, and one of the men can scare up a flask of wine, too, I'll wager. His lordship has been most generous in providing us with fare,† Curan said for the benefit of Gloucester. The old man began struggling against Drool's grip. â€Å"Oh, Curan, you've set him off again. Hurry, if you please. We've got to find Lear and head to Dover.† â€Å"Dover it is, then? You'll join with France?† â€Å"Aye, bloody King Jeff, great froggy, monkey-named, woman-stealing ponce that he is.† â€Å"You're fond of him, then?† â€Å"Oh do piss off, captain. Just see to it that whatever force Regan might send after us doesn't catch us. Don't mutiny, just make your way to Dover east, then south. I'll take Lear south, then east.† â€Å"Let me come with you, Pocket. The king needs more protection than two fools and a blind man.† â€Å"The old knight Caius is with the king. You will serve the king best by serving his plan here.† Not strictly true, but would he have done his duty if he thought his commander a fool? I think not. â€Å"Aye, then, I'll get your food,† said Curan. When we arrived at the hovel, Tom O'Bedlam stood outside, naked in the rain, barking. â€Å"That barking bloke is naked,† said Drool, for once not singing praise to St. Obvious, as we were actually traveling with a blind fellow. â€Å"Aye, but the question is, is he naked because he's barking, or is he barking because he's naked?† I asked. â€Å"I'm hungry,† said Drool, his mind overchallenged. â€Å"Poor Tom is cold and cursed,† said Tom between barking fits, and for the first time seeing him in daylight and mostly clean, I was taken aback. Without the coat of mud, Tom looked familiar. Very familiar. Tom O'Bedlam was, in fact, Edgar of Gloucester, the earl's legitimate son. â€Å"Tom, why are you out here?† â€Å"Poor Tom, that old knight Caius said he had to stand in the rain until he was clean and didn't stink anymore.† â€Å"And did he tell you to bark and talk about yourself in the third person?† â€Å"No, I thought up that bit on my own.† â€Å"Come inside, Tom. Help Drool with this old fellow.† Tom looked at Gloucester for the first time and his eyes went wide and he sank to his knees. â€Å"By the cruelty of the gods,† said he. â€Å"He's blind.† I put my hand on his shoulder and whispered, â€Å"Be steadfast, Edgar, your father needs your help.† In that moment a light came into his eye like a spark of sanity returning and he nodded and stood up, taking the earl's arm. Shall a madman rise to lead the blind. â€Å"Come, good sir,† said Edgar. â€Å"Tom is mad, but he is not beyond aiding a stranger in distress.† â€Å"Just let me die!† said Gloucester, trying to push Edgar away. â€Å"Give me a rope so I may stretch my neck until my breath is gone.† â€Å"He does that a lot,† I said. I opened the door, expecting to see Lear and Kent inside, but the hovel was empty, and the fire had died down to embers. â€Å"Tom, where is the king?† â€Å"He and his knight set out for Dover.† â€Å"Without me?† â€Å"The king was mad to be back in the storm. ‘Twas the old knight said to tell you they were headed for Dover.† â€Å"Here, here, bring the earl inside.† I stood aside and let Edgar coax his father into the cabin. â€Å"Drool, throw some wood on the fire. We can stay only long enough to eat and dry out. We must be after the king.† Drool ducked through the door and spotted Jones sitting on a bench by the fire where I had left him. â€Å"Jones! My friend,† said the dolt. He picked up the puppet stick and hugged it. Drool is somewhat unclear on the art of ventriloquism, and although I have explained to him that Jones speaks only through me, he has developed an attachment to the puppet. â€Å"Hello, Drool, you great sawdust-brained buffoon. Put me down and stoke the fire,† said Jones. Drool tucked the puppet stick in his belt and began breaking up kindling with a hatchet by the hearth while I portioned out the bread and cheese that Curan had given us. Edgar did his best to bandage Gloucester's eyes and the old man settled down enough to eat some cheese and drink a little wine. Unfortunately, the wine and the blood loss, no doubt, took the earl from inconsolable wailing grief to a soul-smothering, sable-colored melancholy. â€Å"My wife died thinking me a whoremonger, my father thought me damned for not following his faith, and my sons are both villains. I thought for a turn that Edmund might have redeemed his bastardy by being good and true, by fighting infidels in the Crusade, but he is more of a traitor than his legitimate brother.† â€Å"Edgar is no traitor,† I said to the old man. Even as I said it Edgar held a finger to his lips and signaled for me to speak no further. I nodded to show I knew his will and would not give his identity away. He could be Tom as long as he wished, or for as long as he needed, for all I cared, as long as he put on some bloody trousers. â€Å"Edgar was always true to you, my lord. His treachery was all devised for your eyes by the bastard Edmund. It was two sons' worth of evil done by one. Edgar may not be the sharpest arrow in the quiver, but he is no traitor.† Edgar raised an eyebrow to me in question. â€Å"You'll make no case for your intelligence sitting there naked and shivering when there's a fire and blankets you can fashion into warm robes, good Tom,† said I. He rose from his father's side and went over to the fire. â€Å"Then it is I who have betrayed Edgar,† said Gloucester. â€Å"Oh, the gods have seen fit to rain misery down on me for my unsteady heart. I have sent a good son into exile with hounds at his heels and left only the worms as heirs to my only estate: this withered blind body. Oh, we are but soft and squishy bags of mortality rolling in a bin of sharp circumstance, leaking life until we collapse, flaccid, into our own despair.† The old man began to wave his arms and beat at his brow, whipping himself into a frenzy, causing his bandages to unravel. Drool came over to the old man and wrapped his arms around him to hold him steady. â€Å"It's all right, milord,† said Drool. â€Å"You ain't leakin' hardly at all.† â€Å"Let me send this broken house to ruin and rot in death's eternal cold. Let me shuffle off this mortal coil – my sons betrayed, my king usurped, my estates seized – let me end this torture!† He really was making a very good argument. Then the earl grabbed Jones and tore him out of Drool's belt. â€Å"Give me your sword, good knight!† Edgar made to stop his father and I threw out an arm to hold him back – a toss of my head stopped Drool from interceding. The old man stood, put the stick end of Jones under his rib cage, then fell forward onto the dirt floor. The breath shot from his body and he wheezed in pain. My cup of wine had been warming by the fire and I threw it on Gloucester's chest. â€Å"I am slain,† croaked the earl, fighting for breath. â€Å"The lifeblood runs from me even now. Bury my body on the hill looking down upon Castle Gloucester. And beg forgiveness of my son Edgar. I have wronged him.† Edgar again tried to go to his father and I held him back. Drool was covering his mouth, trying not to laugh. â€Å"I grow cold, cold, but at least I take my wrong-doings to my grave.† â€Å"You know, milord,† I said. â€Å"The evil that men do lives after them, the good is oft interred with their bones, or so I've heard.† â€Å"Edgar, my boy, wherever you are, forgive me, forgive me!† The old man rolled on the floor, and seemed somewhat surprised when the sword on which he thought himself impaled fell away. â€Å"Lear, forgive me that I did not serve you better!† â€Å"Look at that,† said I. â€Å"You can see his black soul rising from his body.† â€Å"Where?† said Drool. A frantic finger to my lips silenced the Natural. â€Å"Oh, great carrion birds are rending poor Gloucester's soul to tatters! Oh, Fate's revenge is upon him, he suffers!† â€Å"I suffer!† said Gloucester. â€Å"He is bound to the darkest depths of Hades! Never to rise again.† â€Å"Down the abyss I go. Forever a stranger to light and warmth.† â€Å"Oh, cold and lonely death has taken him,† said I. â€Å"And a right shit he was in life, likely he'll be buggered by a billion barb-dicked devils now.† â€Å"Cold and lonely Death has me,† said the earl. â€Å"No, it hasn't,† said I. â€Å"What?† â€Å"You're not dead.† â€Å"Soon, then. I've fallen on this cruel blade and my life runs wet and sticky between my fingers.† â€Å"You've fallen on a puppet,† said I. â€Å"No, I haven't. It's a sword. I took it from that soldier.† â€Å"You took my puppet stick from my apprentice. You've thrown yourself on a puppet.† â€Å"You knave, Pocket, you're not trustworthy and would jest at a man even as his life drains. Where is that naked madman who was helping me?† â€Å"You threw yourself on a puppet,† said Edgar. â€Å"So I'm not dead?† â€Å"Correct,† said I. â€Å"I threw myself on a puppet?† â€Å"That is what I've been saying.† â€Å"You are a wicked little man, Pocket.† â€Å"So, milord, how do you feel, now that you've returned from the dead.† The old man stood up and tasted the wine on his fingers. â€Å"Better,† said he. â€Å"Good. Then let me present Edgar of Gloucester, the erstwhile naked nutter, who shall see you to Dover and your king.† â€Å"Hello, Father,† said Edgar. They embraced. There was crying and begging for forgiveness and filial snogging and overall the whole business was somewhat nauseating. A moment of quiet sobbing by the two men passed before the earl resumed his wailing. â€Å"Oh, Edgar, I have wronged thee and no forgiveness from you can undo my wretchedness.† â€Å"Oh for fuck's sake,† said I. â€Å"Come, Drool, let us go find Lear and on to Dover and the sanctuary of the bloody fucking French.† â€Å"But the storm still rages,† said Edgar. â€Å"I've been wandering in this storm for days. I'm as wet and cold as I know how to get, and no doubt a fever will descend any hour now and crush my delicate form with heavy heat, but by the rug-munching balls of Sappho, I'll not spend another hour listening to a blind old nutter wail on about his wrong-doings when there's a stack of wrongs yet to be done. Carpe diem, Edgar. Carpe diem.† â€Å"Fish of the day?† said the rightful heir to the earldom of Gloucester. â€Å"Yes, that's it. I'm invoking the fish of the bloody day, you git. I liked you better when you were eating frogs and seeing demons and the lot. Drool, leave them half the food and wrap yourself as warm as you can. We're off to find the king. We'll see you lot in Dover.†

Nursing Process Ethical Decision Making - 1879 Words

Nursing Process Approach to Ethical Decision Making A career in nursing is a challenging one. There is a high demand for physical strength when working a long, twelve-hour shift, and an even higher demand for emotional strength when communicating with clients and family members alike. In both cases, the best asset a nurse has available is the ability to think critically. The nurse is constantly applying themselves in therapeutic ways in order to help deliver the best possible evidence-based outcomes for clients. Behind all these processes lies the basis to choose between right and wrong; ethics. The chosen case study presents a common ethical dilemma. The night before a client’s surgery, the nurse explains the procedure to the client. When asking the client to recall the procedure he describes a different procedure altogether, indicating that the client is not informed of the surgical outcomes. According to the College of Nurses of Ontario, under the Consent Practice Guideline, this becomes a breach of consent, as the client is incapable of making an informed decision. Therefore the surgeon must explain the procedure to the client and the client must be reassessed. If they are still found incapable of decision-making, a hierarchy of substitute decision makers must be followed. The client’s surgeon must be contacted as soon as possible in this situation (CNO, 2013). The dilemma herein is when to call the surgeon after obtaining the information from the client. The two mostShow MoreRelatedEthical Principles Of Nursing Practice974 Words   |  4 PagesWhen ethics in nursing in respect to decision making is looked upon, various key areas are taken into consideration. These key areas include the nursing values, the standards, subject ethical principles and finally the fundamental beliefs in nursing. When a reflection is made on the on the key mentioned areas, it is presumed that each of them is mainly aimed at protecting human dignity and restoring respect to patients (Bush 2007). Ethical values in nursing When looking at nursing values in regardRead MoreNursing Ethic Involving Informatics : Daniel O Brien Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing Ethic Involving Informatics Daniel O’Brien University of Louisiana Lafayette Author Note Correspondence regarding this paper should be addressed to Daniel M. O’Brien, Baton Rouge, LA, 70817. E-mail: dmo9257@louisiana.edu Abstract Ethics is part of the decision making process that a nurse uses and is a foundation of nursing. Nursing needs ethical standards to rely on in order to provide quality care for patients and to keep them from harm while respecting their wishes (da SilvaRead MoreThe Role Of Nurse Practitioner1749 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpreting tests results, and educating and counseling for patients of health and wellness (Giddens, et. al., 2014). The transition of the role from RN to NP can be a challenge, as now the NP must start to think beyond the nursing process by â€Å"bridging the gap between the philosophy of nursing and medicine† (Kelley, et al., 2007, pg. 137 p 1). The advanced health assessment skill needed for a NP is more comprehensive than that of a RN. The advanced health assessment skill of a NP expands upon the basic healthRead MoreEthical Decision Making Essay638 Words   |  3 Pageshave led to new and increased awareness of the ethical dimension of nursing and its impact on the delivery of high-quality care (Coverston Rogers, 2000). In their daily practice, nurses are constantly confronted with decision-making that is ethical in nature. An ethical dilemma is a situation wherein moral precepts or ethical obligations conflict in such a way that any possible resolution to the dilemma is morally intolerable. In other words, an ethical dilemma is any situation in which guiding moralRead MoreEthical a nd Legal Issues in Nursing1221 Words   |  5 PagesEthical and Legal Issues in Nursing University of Phoenix Nursing 391 Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing Marianne, the 79-year old woman who presented with a hemorrhagic stroke in a recent case study, brings up thought for ethical debate. Her outlook is poor, with or without surgery, and she has no advanced directive. Her husband and children cannot come to an agreement on whether life support should end or if all resuscitative measures should be attempted. The following paper will discussRead MorePatient Confidentiality Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Patient Confidentiality: Ethical Implications to Nursing Practice Patient Confidentiality: Ethical Implications to Nursing Practice Patient confidentiality is a fundamental practice in healthcare and it is integral part of healthcare ethical standards (Purtilo Dougherty, 2010). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics â€Å"the nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information† (Nursing world, p.6). Also, when a patient confidentialityRead MoreEthical Decision Making : The Sad Formula, And Nash s 12 Questions1205 Words   |  5 Pages It is important to not only reflect how we make ethical decisions to better understand our personal approach, but also incorporate a systematic approach that fits our code of ethics and guide us in solving ethical conundrums. Specific actionable steps should be taken and incorporated into our ethical decision making. Four psychological sub-processes affecting our ethical action include (a) moral sensitivity, (b) moral judgment, (c) moral focus, and (d) moral character. The following paper will addressRead MoreThe Importance Of Acting Ethically When Working As A Nurse1318 Words   |  6 Pageshealth care practice and those working in the nursing profession are often subject to frequent ethical dilemmas. It is essential for all nurses to be aware of the importance of ethics in health care and to practice within the ethico-legal parameters that govern the profession. However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture , upbringing, attitudes and beliefs can influence what one views as ethical and this can therefore influence practiceRead MoreEthical, Moral, And Legal Implications Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesTaking a Stand As nursing leaders, we will need to understand how to process and respond to a variety of challenging circumstances. According to Manson (2012), there are four domains of ethical constructs that include codes of professional conduct, ethical principles, law, and personal/moral values (p. 262). As leaders, being prepared with knowledge related to these domains can support decisions. These steps include consideration for the nursing code of ethical conduct, state and federal healthRead MoreThe Ethics Of Nursing Ethics1540 Words   |  7 Pagesand respirators are terms typically appalling and scary to society. In the nursing profession, it is often that nurses will deal with these two appalling terms. A case involving these two terms has been analyzed in regards to nursing ethics. Nursing ethics involves several different complex ideas and with the aid of the four way method one is able to analyze and make a decision in regards to controversial and difficult nursing situations. The four way method helped analyze a fourteen year old boys,

Cave Paintings Essay - 958 Words

Creating art is one of the single defining factors that set humans apart from animal species. Through art, humans are able to express their innermost ideas and feelings, without having the difficulty of trying to find the correct words to accurately describe their thought processes. Works of art can help us to understand the people who have come before us. This is evidenced by the knowledge humans have discovered of prehistoric men and their symbolic cave paintings. The expression, style, and meaning vary and archaeologists put in much effort to uncover these works. The first evidence of cave art appeared in Western Europe (Berenguer 67). Early cave paintings were characteristic of Western art. They were supported by an acute vision,†¦show more content†¦It is often found to be extremely animalistic. The animals most commonly depicted are horses, deer, reindeer, bison, ipex, aurochs, woolly rhinoceroses, and mammoths. Sometimes lions and bears are also created, but rarely fi sh or birds. Humans were also commonly represented (Berenguer 73). Prehistoric men also created abstract designs that have proven hard to identify. They are referred to as signs and a special nomenclature has been developed to better understand their meaning. Tectiforms are generally quadrangular shapes, with crossing vertical lines inside forming a trellis or mesh design. Tectiforms often appear near naturalistic figures of animals. Scutiforms have been thought to represent the female vulva. They are formed by red patches, often in the form of a comma or a key. Other types of signs are penniforms, ramiforms, and claviforms. The exact meanings of most of these signs remain unknown (Berenguer 82). The French scholar Leroi-Gourhan formed a theory regarding the animalistic and abstract art representations. He believed all depictions revolved around the law of sex, noting that the philosophy of the prehistoric men concentrated all explanations on sex and sexual relations. Cave art depic tions of animals are divided into male and female. The male animals are horses, she-goats, and deer. Bison, bovidae, and mammoths are female. The signs are also divided into gender categories. Triangles, rectangles, ramiforms, tectiforms, and scutiforms areShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cave Paintings1253 Words   |  6 Pages The Cave of Lascaux and Cave Art nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cave paintings might possibly be the oldest known form of communication that exists today. Cave paintings date back to a period of time called the Paleolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age took place from 40,000 to 10,000 B.C. Prehistoric Age is divided into three parts: Paleolithic being the earliest, Mesolithic being the middle at 10,000 B.C. and Neolithic Age being the latest at 8,000 B.C. During the Paleolithic Age it is believed thatRead More The Unwritten History of Cave Paintings Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pageswas cave painting. Cave painting is a form of prehistoric art that dates back hundreds of thousands of years. Analysts are unable to specify the reasoning behind these paintings of objects on cave walls, but many theories have been formulated to surmise the rational behind the art. Questions arise like, â€Å"why did man find a need to paint the walls of caves† and is this part of the foundation of the origin of human life as we know it? ( Beacon) The ecumenical belief is rooted at history, cave paintingsRead MoreCave Paintings Such As Those At Lascaux And Altamira2077 Words   |  9 Pages What are common motifs found in cave paintings such as those at Lascaux and Altamira? Summarize the current theories about their original meaning and purpose Cave paintings are seen now in our society is a snapshot of just what they people during that time cherished when it comes to prehistoric art. The Lascaux brought about many things and showed historians what the appreciated most during that time. In this cave, there were many depicted cows, bulls, and dear along the natural ledges of the rockRead MoreCave Paintings In The Film Cave Of Forgotten Dreams820 Words   |  4 Pagesthe clues left behind of how humans used to live. When asked to recreate cave paintings a common drawing some might think of stick figures. The actuality of the cave paintings is that they are incredibly detailed and are able to show the artistic talent of the cavemen and women. In the film Cave of Forgotten Dreams, it focuses on a cave in southern France and the intricate paintings and artifacts found inside. The cave dates to around 30,000 years ago and there is a unique aspect of how everythingRead MoreThe Cave Paintings Of Chauvet Pont D Arc Cave1038 Words   |  5 Pages The cave paintings of Chauvet-Pont-D Arc are one of the oldest prehistoric sites in the world. It is located in the Ardeche region of southern France. Chauvet-Pont-D Arc cave was only discovered as recently as 1994. Jean-Marie Chauvet and his team of cavers just happened to stumble upon it when they removed a rumble of stones that blocked the passageway (Introduction to the Cave). This is such an extraordinary piece of art history due to the time period a nd what it can tell us about our historyRead MoreDiscovering Prehistory : Chapter 11687 Words   |  7 Pages The author Joy McCorriston, was a student at the Institute of Archaeology in London and found out about the chance to visit the Lascaux cave from a radio show contest. Although she didn’t â€Å"win† she was lucky enough to join the tour. She listens to stories from Monsieur Jaceues Marshal, a discoverer of the cave and the cave’s guard as she gets to tour the cave. Lascaux Cave’s discovery had come about because four local boys found a hiding place to tease and abandon an outsider, a Jewish boy sentRead MoreThe Evolution of Graphic Design792 Words   |  3 Pagessets were popular, painting was the main form of graphic design. Paintings date back through time to the Paleolithic ages when paintings were made on the cave walls of local tribes. It is speculated by Josà © Luis Sanchidrià ¡n, that the earliest paintings were most likely to have been created by Neanderthals instead of early modern humans. One notable example of an ancient painting is the Grott e Chauvet, located in France and estimated to be about 32,000 years old. The paintings were made using redRead MoreEssay on Cosque Cave820 Words   |  4 PagesCosque Cave Many, many years ago, a cave was in use, and many paintings, drawings, and engravings were put on the walls of the cave. About ten years ago, a man was diving in the Mediterranean and came across something that no one would ever think about finding. It was a prehistoric painted cave with an underwater entrance. It is known today as the Cosquer cave. Jean Cosquer, a professional diver, discovered the cave. He was diving for no particular reason, and foundRead MoreTaking a Look at Cave Art691 Words   |  3 Pagesthink of cave art you may think of it is a way of just communicating or it does not really have much meaning to it. But when you really look into the art you find so much more. It’s amazing what you can find about the humans in the past just through their art, you get to find out where did they creativity come from and why did they create. In this essay I am going to discuss what made the features on the cave so special? And why were they made? The stunning prehistoric cave art at AltamiraRead MoreIran Before and After the Revolution Essay794 Words   |  4 Pageshuman was creating markings on the surfaces of the caves and , since the down of civilization , on the walls of ancient structures Although in certain cases motivations to produce such marks are covered by mystery , wall paintings , and engravings definitely serve as factual evidence of humans presence along various locations . The appearance and production of techniques of graffiti have been varying throughout decades , but cave paintings of prehistoric period , ancient engravings , or

Helen of Troy - 823 Words

Since we are talking favourite characters, thought I would talk about one from Greek Mythology, a female figure that I like, and find very interesting. Well, to be honest, you really cannot see any good portion of character development. The larger story is literally involved with the rise and fall of people around her. She even displayed very little emotions and was sort of unaffected by the war outcome. Still I like her Helen of Troy, or Helen or Sparta, one of the most controversial female characters in literature, has been the literary and mythic symbol of beauty and illicit love. She was the most beautiful woman in Greece best known for being the cause of the Trojan War. A wholewar which lasted for ten years. Helen, was flesh and†¦show more content†¦Helen and Menelaus were married. Following Tyndareus’ death, Menelaus became king of Sparta. Few years later, Paris, a Trojan prince came to Sparta to marry Helen, whom he had been promised by Aphrodite after he had chosen her as the most beautiful of the goddesses, earning the wrath of Athena andHera. Helen fell in love-as Aphrodite promised- and eloped with him, leaving behind Menelaus and Hermione â€Å"her daughter†. When Menelaus discovered that his wife was missing, he called upon all the other suitors to fulfill their oaths, thus beginning the Trojan War. Virtually all of Greece took part, either attacking Troy with Menelaus or defending it from them. The more you read about Helen, the more conflict you feel towards her true nature†¦To some authors she is a muse, a female figure of anexceptional inspiration. To others she is a deceitful woman who is considered the sole cause of the death of thousands Greek and Trojanmen â€Å"†¦and excited the heart of Helen; maddened by the Trojan man, a traitorous guest, she followed him in a ship on the sea, leaving at home her child and her husband†¦ The Trojan plain holds conquered because of that woman† Alkois here holds Helen responsiblefor the destruction of Troy. Homer, one of the most celebrated authors of epic literature, has a more complex view of Helen’s character. His Iliad is full of negative references towardsShow MoreRelatedHelen of Troy1286 Words   |  6 Pagesand Cassandra s prophecy that he would be the cause of Troy s destruction. Worried, his father King Priamleaves him on Mount Ida, where he is found and raised by the shepherd Agelaus. When he is an adult, he judges Aphrodite as the fairest of the three goddesses,  Hera,  Athena, and  Aphrodite. After awarding her the golden apple she promises him the love of  Helen of Sparta, the most beautiful woman in the world. Meanwhile in Sparta, Helen sees in a pool Paris s judgement, and happily accepts hisRead MoreHelen Of Troy1455 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Helen of Troy In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy, also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was a sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered the most beautiful woman in the world. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War. Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes, CiceroRead MoreHelen Of Troy : The Real Father Of Helen Of Troy785 Words   |  4 PagesHelen of Troy is one of the most beautiful demi goddesses out there but she seems to have two fathers. Zeus and Tyndareus are both considered to be partly her father. Throughout this essay, the genetic biology of Helen, Tyndareus, Zeus and Leda as well as anyone who could have an effect on her phenotype. We will conclude by stating which of Zeus and Tyndareus is more closely related to her and as a result being her â€Å" real† father. Greece will also be covered in relation to these events as well asRead MoreCharacters in Helen of Troy1429 Words   |  6 PagesCHARACTERS MORTALS: AGAMEMNON The leader of the Achaean expedition to Troy, he was the King of Mycenae. On his return from Troy he was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra, and her lover Aegisthus. The lover was the son of Thyestes, the brother and enemy of Atreus, Agamemnons father. When Odysseus voyages to Hades he meets with Agamemnons ghost. ALCINOUS The King of the Phaeacians and husband of Arete, who had a daughter called Nausicaa. Nausicaa helps Odysseus when he first arrives in theirRead MoreHelen Of Troy : The World Of Mythology1188 Words   |  5 PagesPoetry Analysis Essay Helen of Troy holds legendary status is the world of mythology. Being the catalyst of one of mythologies largest wars, Helen lacks no influence. Many know the story, at least in its most basic form, the girl so mesmerizingly beautiful that the mighty empires of Greece and Troy waged war over her. With that said, a story so widely known has, predictable, many interpretations. Here Edgar Allan Poe in his piece â€Å"To Helen† and H.D. in her piece â€Å"Helen† each capture their own interpretationRead MoreFilm Review of Helen of Troy1658 Words   |  7 Pagesand villains and nature reflected the mood of the gods and goddesses. I.B. Place of Action: Troy (Asia Minor), also Ilium (ancient Ilion), famous city of Greek legend, on the northwestern corner of Asia Minor, in present-day Turkey. Anatolia is west of Greece (across the Aegean Sea) and north of Egypt (across the Mediterranean Sea). II. Characters and Description of Characters Sienna Guillory as Helen- The most beautiful woman in Greece, daughter of the god Zeus and of Leda. She was abducted inRead Morereaction about helen of troy1673 Words   |  7 Pagesfar as I can remember, no magic apples have ever flown in and disrupted any of the weddings I’ve been to. I don’t know, maybe it’s just me, but it seems as though there was an abundance of magical fruits and enchanted vegetables in the time of Helen of Troy. This is something we seem to be lacking in our modern day culture. One thing I did find relevant to our modern culture is the way that the three goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite reacted upon hearing that whoever had possession of the appleRead MoreHelen of Troy Movie Analysis2033 Words   |  9 PagesTitle of the Movie: Helen of Troy Directed By: John Kent Harrison Produced By: Ted Kurdyla Written By: Ronni Kern Starring: Sienna Guillory as Helen Matthew Marsden as Paris John Rhys-Davies as King Priam of Troy Emilia Fox as Cassandra, Princess of Troy Rufus Sewell as Agamemnon Stellan Skarsgà ¥rd as Theseus Joe Montana as Achilles Katie Blake as Clytemnestra Craig Kelly as Pollux Manuel Cauchi as Paris’ Father Kristina Paris as Iphigenia Music By: Joel Goldsmith Cinematography: Edward J. PaiRead MoreHelen of Troy Literary Analysis1250 Words   |  5 PagesHelen of Troy I. CHARACTERS Major Characters: Achilles- Stanley Baker Agamemnon- Robert Douglas Andromache- Patricia Marmont Hector- Harry Andrews Helen of Troy- Rossana Podestà   MenelausNiall MacGinnis Paris- Jacques Sernas Patroclus- Terence Longdon Priam- Cedric Hardwicke Ulysses- Torin Thatcher Minor Characters: Aeneas- Ronald Lewis Polydorus- Robert Brown Alpheus- TonioSelwart Andraste- Brigitte Bardot Andros- Eduardo Ciannelli Cassandra- Janette Scott Cora- Barbara Cavan Dancer- GeorgeRead MoreHelen Of Troy And Greek Mythology1179 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Helen of Troy was the daughter of Zeus and Leda in Greek mythology. She has a twin sister named Clytemnestra as well as her twin brothers Castor and Pollux (Dioscuri). Helen was considered to be the most beautiful woman in the known world. As a young girl she was abducted by Theseus, who left her in the care of his mother but Helen was later rescued by her brothers when they invaded Athens. Many suitors tried to win Helen’s hand after her return and eventually Menelaus brother of Agamemnon become

WHS Policies for Occupational and Safety Health Act- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWHS Policies for Occupational and Safety Health Act. Answer: In an organization, the primary duty of care lies upon the persons who carry the business undertakings or the PCBUs. The PCBUs are conferred with the responsibility to ensure that the employees of the organization are acting in compliance with the workplace safety and health policies and procedures of the organization (Gray et al., 2014). The workplace Health and Safety policies in Australia imposes certain duties on the persons who exercises control over the workplace such as persons who are responsible for operating fittings, fixtures or plant. Law further imposes duties on the directors, officers, workers and the other staffs within the organization. In the Bounce fitness organization, according to section 19 of the Occupational and Safety Health Act 1984, the duty of the PCBUs to exercise duty of care is not only restricted to the employees but also to all other persons who may become subject to risks resulting from the conduct or omission of the PCBUs. The primary duty includes duties with respect to the actual physical workplace ensuring safe workplace condition and safety of fixtures, fittings, plants and machines used within the workplace (Sekendiz et al., 2014). Although a gym operator has several providers such as personal trainers, still the gym operator is often considered as a PCBU with respect to health and safety of the personal trainers and the clients of the independent contractors. The employer must ensure that the employee, staffs and other staffs of the organization are not exposed to hazards and he must take every reasonable measures to reduce or eliminate the hazards identified within the workplace that may res ult in injuries. The gym operator owed a duty of care towards the workers, which includes the employees, contractors, volunteers, and the workers of the contractors. According to Division 2 clause 1.4 of the Occupational and Safety Health Regulations 1996, the employers of a workplace is responsible for matters over which he is entitled to exercise control and for the works done by the employer and his employees within the workplace. The duty of care of the employer is also restricted to employee and other persons who shall be affected for any conduct or omission on part of the employer and his employees. Section 20 of the Act requires the employees to take reasonable care to for ensuring his or her own safety and health at work and avert any conduct or omission that might cause injury to the other person within the workplace (De Lyon, Neville Armour, 2017). The employees committing breach of the duty shall be liable for gross negligence and shall be imposed fine of $2500 for first offence and $31250 for second offense under section 20A of the Act. The breach of employers duty shall entitle the employer to be liable for Level 4 penalty. According to Division 2 clause 5.3 of the Regulation, it is imperative to determine hazardous substances within the workplace to prevent any injuries resulting from such substances. One of the primary duties of an employer is to promote consultation and co-operation between the employees and the employers. The employers are required to co-operate and consult with health and safety representatives with respect to health and safety matters. Consultation process is essential for maintaining and providing a health and safety workplace within the organization (Gray et al., 2015). The participation of the employees is essential in the consultation process as the employees are aware of the risks that are associated with the workplace of the organization. The consultation process can be conducted in two ways- the PUBCs will inform the employees about the safety policies and procedures of the organization. The involvement of the employer and employee enables to identify the hazards associated with the organizational workplace and enables the employers to assess the hazards to minimize or eliminate the risk of harm arising from such hazards. The other consultation process includes representation of the Health and Safety representatives where the workers are consulted regarding the health and safety issues that the workers and employees usually face within the workplace. The workers are consulted while any changes are proposed to be made within the workplace (Landsbergis, Grzywacz LaMontagne, 2014). The consultation process ensures the employees that they are an important part of the decision-making process of the organization. In case, any risk has been assessed within workplace, clause 5.22 of the OHS Regulation states that the Centre Manager of Bouncer Fitness is required to ensure that monitoring is done properly and a record is maintained to document such monitoring. The persons who are likely to be affected from the hazards identified within the workplace shall be informed about the result of such monitoring of the hazardous substances. Under clause 5.23(1) of the Regulation, in case the health of any person is likely to be affected due to the exposure of the person to the hazardous substances within the workplace, the manager must conduct medical surveillance of such employee by a medical practitioner. Bounce Fitness has a strict monitoring safety system that has been developed which the Monash Injury Research Institute has confirmed to be effective to the extent that it prevents the occurrence of serious injury while carrying out exercises within the workplace. The general safety rule highlights the risks that are associated with the workplace as the terms and conditions before the clients commence the exercises. In order to prevent the clients from sustaining serious injuries while exercising on the trampolines, safety rules and regulations are clearly posted at the entrance of the trampoline courts, which are regulated and enforced by the floor staffs. In case of any changes, the same are clearly posted within the workplaces at conspicuous places to be visible to the staffs and the clients of the organization. The clients of the organization are provided with adequate trainings and information with respect to workplace health and safety legislations and policies and procedures of the organization (Holt Allen, 2015). The staffs of the Bounce Fitness have significant experiences in the field of gymnastics and sports and other associated activities like spots coaching and circus related performances. Trained trampoline professionals who have been given adequate training in First Aid and CPR monitor the trampoline courts within the workplace of the organization. Moreover, the staffs are acknowledged with the rules and guidelines that are applicable for trampoline exercise, which the trained professionals also enforce. The staffs of the organization encourage and enforce the one person per trampoline for preventing any form of accidents or injuries. The organization provides adequate training to the staffs to exercise additional care to children under 6 years of age prevent adult jumpers from jumping within that area to prevent any form of injuries arising from such activities. The training and instructions provided to employees of the organization are adequate to ensure that the clients do not attempt any activity beyond their skill. Risk assessment is conducted to identify any risks associated with the exercise training services and an implementation of the control measures shall enable the organization to minimize or reduce such risks (Burke Noumair, 2015). The hierarchy of control measures includes eliminating, substituting, isolating, engineering, using of administrative and personal protective equipment. Under the circumstances of the case, the most appropriate way of controlling the risk arising from the use of stock trolleys is the use of administrative control measures, which includes the following measures: warnings or signs that would infirm the clients and other workers as well about any default in the trampoline or other exercise machines; adequate training should have been provided to the staffs and trainers to ensure safety and health of the clients of all age. Pre-start checks should be commenced before permitting the clients to use the exercising machines or sources. Identification of Risk/Hazards Assessment of Risks/ Hazards Control measures Issues relating to qualifications or trainings of staffs Low Requires proof of Minimum qualification of staffs Identify and implement any additional training required Health risks in health training High The clients must comply with the rules and regulations of the Bounce Fitness centre Injuries due to poor maintenance of machines Considerable The centre must ensure that all the machines and equipments are well maintained and are serviced on a regularly First aid response to injuries Moderate A reporting and documentation procedure should be implemented in case of injuries; A first aid kit should always be available within the workplace Exposure to hazardous substances Low A hazardous substance register should be updated and hazardous substance should be replaced with safer materials Hazards on floor like loose carpets, tiles, causing trips or slips Significant The contractors, trainers and the clients are required to wear appropriate footwear and clothing while they enter the fitness centre Source: Cooper Quick, 2017 Presentation attached with the word document. The safety policy of Bounce Fitness is available on the following link https://bounceinc.com.au/our-safety-policy#/ According to Part 3 division 1 Clause 3.1 of the OHS Regulations, the employer of any organization must identify any hazard that is likely to affect any person within the workplace and assess the risk of harm is likely to cause to such person and have regards to the means through which the hazard may be reduced or minimized. According to clause 3.5 of Part 3 Division 1, if an employee makes a report of hazard to the employer, the employer must conduct an immediate investigation with respect to such report. Under the given circumstances, an employee of the Bouncer Fitness reports about a hazard associated with an incorrect setup and a use of a piece of fitness machinery, it is the responsibility of the center manager to investigate the machine under clause 3.5 of the OHS Act. In order to ensure that the default in the machine does not result in injuries to the staffs and clients of the organization, the machines should be re-set up in the appropriate manner. The part of the machine, which has a default in its use, should be replaced or adequate signs or warnings should be placed at a conspicuous place, which would be clearly visible to clients and the staffs within the workplace. This would be an administrative form of control that would enable the organization to minimize or eliminate the risk of harm that is likely to arise either from the use of the defaulted part of the machine or from the incorrect setting up of the machines. The centre manager has a primary duty to ensure health and safety within the organization. Reference List Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health.Annual review of public health,35. Burke, W. W., Noumair, D. A. 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